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Vestibular implant and a cochlear lead in relation to the bony and membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

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Vestibular implant, combined with a cochlear lead (ie, a vestibulocochlear implant), in relation to the bony and membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The electrodes implanted through fenestrations in the bony semicircular canals stimulate the terminal afferent nerve fibers from the ampullae. Abbreviations: SCC, semicircular canal; A, ampulla; U, utricle; S, saccule. (Source: Stultiens JJ, Lewis RF, Phillips JO, et al. The next challenges of vestibular implantation in humans. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2023;24[4]:401-12. Illustration made by Ruoning Qin. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Image sharpened by Dr. Douglas Lanska.)