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Exosomes function as mediators of the immune and inflammatory pathways

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Exosomes can carry anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines both on their lumens and associated with their membranes. Several cytokines have been shown to be preferentially enriched within exosomes, including interleukin-2, -4, -10, -18, and -33; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; transforming growth factor-beta; and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. Thus, an immune cell can communicate with another through exosomes, namely by activating or inhibiting the production of cytokines in the target cell. Also, exosomes can stimulate endothelial cells.

Abbreviations: ECAs, exosome-associated cytokines; IL, interleukin; M-CSF, macrophage-colony-stimulating factor; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

(Source: Coelho-Ribeiro B, Silva HG, Sampaio-Marques B, et al. Inflammation and exosomes in Fabry disease pathogenesis. Cells 2024;13[8]:654. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)