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Pathophysiology of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Abbreviations: 1,25DHD: 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D; Ca-R: calcium receptor; CKD: chronic kidney disease; FGF-23: fibroblast growth factor-23; FGFR: fibroblast growth factor receptor; iPh: inorganic phosphate; PTH: parathyroid hormone; SHP: secondary hyperparathyroidism; VDR: vitamin D receptor. (Source: Habas E Sr, Eledrisi M, Khan F, Elzouki AY. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease: pathophysiology and management. Cureus 2021;13[7]:e16388. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)

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Associated Disorders

  • Acute and chronic renal failure
  • Endocrine disorders
  • Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
  • Granulomatous disorders
  • Infantile hypercalcemia (Williams syndrome)
  • Malignancy
  • Milk-alkali syndrome
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism