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Miners extracting ore from a mine (1)

Engraving by Virgilius Solis in Nuremberg (1524-1562). On the left, two men operate a windlass (with a horizontal axis) to lift ore from lower levels of the mine. A rope is wrapped around the barrel in such a manner that a bucket on one end is lowered while the bucket on the other end is raised. Then a foreman directs the extraction of ore by a miner wielding a large hammer and the ore is heated in a furnace to extract the desired metals. (Courtesy of the Rijkmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Public domain. Edited by Dr. Douglas J Lanska.)