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Countries using IPV or fIPV in routine immunization

(A) 2000, (B) 2014, (C) 2016, and (D) 2023. Abbreviations: IPV, inactivated poliovirus vaccine; fIPV, fractional-dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine.

Note: Fractional-dose IPV can reduce the cost of polio immunization in campaigns. Two doses of fIPV can induce nearly 100% immunity if given in the appropriate schedule, whereas only using 40% of a full dose of IPV.

(Source: Sutter RW, Eisenhawer M, Molodecky NA, Verma H, Okayasu H. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine: recent developments and the tortuous path to global acceptance. Pathogens 2024;13[3]:224.) IPV introduction date: WHO Immunization, immunizationdata.who.int. Accessed on December 17, 2023. fIPV countries: Macklin GR, Mach O. Fractional-dose IPV in polio eradication. Lancet Infect Dis 2021;21[8]:1061-2. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)

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Associated Disorders

  • Aseptic meningitis
  • Bulbar polio
  • Bulbospinal polio
  • Infantile paralysis
  • Nonparalytic polio
  • Paralytic polio
  • Polioencephalitis
  • Post-polio progressive muscular atrophy
  • Post-polio syndrome
  • Spinal paralytic polio