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Psycholinguistic model of auditory linguistic processing

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Model of hypothesized processes that underly spoken language comprehension. Boxes and connecting arrows in blue depict linguistic processes, whereas boxes and arrows in gray show auditory processes. This model is a simplified modification of the model proposed by Whitworth in 2013 and is designed to also express interaction among processes (Dell et al 1997; Levelt et al 1999; Whitworth et al 2013). Components of this model were ultimately derived from German neurologist and psychiatrist Karl Kleist (1879-1960) (Kleist 1962), a student of German neurologist, psychiatrist, and neuropathologist Carl Wernicke (1848-1905). Kleist's work can be understood within the historical connectionist model of language processing (Wernicke 1874; Lichtheim 1885). To show this direct comparison, lettering in the top-right corner of the boxes corresponds to those used by German physician and pioneering aphasiologist Ludwig Lichtheim (1845-1928) in 1885, as does the color-coding of the boxes and connecting arrows described above (ie, those outlined in blue represent centers and pathways that result in select aphasia syndromes if damaged). (Source: Casilio M, Kasdan AV, Schneck SM, et al. Situating word deafness within aphasia recovery: a case report. Cortex 2024;173:96-119. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)

References cited:
Dell GS, Schwartz MF, Martin N, Saffran EM, Gagnon DA. Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. Psychol Rev 1997;104[4]:801-38.
Kleist K. Sensory aphasia and amusia: the myeloarchitectonic basis. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1962.
Levelt WJ, Roelofs A, Meyer AS. A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behav Brain Sci 1999;22[1]:1-38; discussion 38-75.
Lichtheim L. On aphasia. Brain 1885;7:433-84. Wernicke C. Der aphasische symptomencomplex. Breslau: Cohn and Weigert, 1874.
Whitworth A, Webster J, Howard D. A Cognitive Neuropsychological Approach To Assessment And Intervention In Aphasia: A Clinician's Guide. 2nd ed. Hove [England]: Psychology Press, 2013.