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Severe papilledema features shown in fundus photographs

Severe papilledema is characterized by dome-shaped protrusion of the optic nerve and obliteration of the optic cup. Hemorrhages, exudates, choroidal folds, and optic nerve pallor may be present. (Contributed by Dr. Deborah Friedman.)

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  • Addison disease
  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
  • Cushing syndrome
  • Down syndrome
  • Dural venous sinus stenosis
  • Dural venous sinus thrombosis
  • Endocrine disorders
  • HIV infection
  • Human growth hormone
  • Hypervitaminosis a
  • Hypogonadism (male)
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Lyme disease
  • Malnutrition
  • Mastoiditis
  • Obesity
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Otitis media
  • Parameningeal infections
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome
  • Polycythemia vera and its neurologic manifestations
  • Renal failure
  • Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis
  • Transverse sinus thrombosis
  • Venous sinus thrombosis from mastoiditis
  • Vitamin D deficiency rickets
  • Vitamin D-dependent rickets